There is extensive plagiarism prevalent in this book chapter. Some parts of this chapter can be accessed via Google Books at http://tinyurl.com/7mb7rza . Please find below a side-by-side comparison of the text with the original sources (listed on the right).
Source No. 1
Source No. 2
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Mikhail L.
Samchukov, Marina R. Makarov, Alexander M. Cherkashin and John G. Birch. Distraction
Osteogenesis of the Orthopedic Skeleton: Basic Principles and Clinical
Applications. Orthopedic Biology and Medicine, 2008, 2, 183-198, DOI:
10.1007/978-1-59745-239-7_9
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1028
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1028
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triggers a
biological process of bone repair known as fracture healing.
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triggers an
evolutionary process of bone repair
known as fracture healing.
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1028
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allowed for reparative callus formation. The sequence of
events occurring during this period (Fig. 9.3) is similar to that seen during
the inflammation and soft callus stages of fracture healing [27-29].
Following the surgical separation of a
bone into two segments, an ingrowth of
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1029
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1030
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Progresses toward
the center of the distraction gap
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….gradually
progress toward the center of the
distraction gap.
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focal regions of chondrocytes surrounded by
a mineralized matrix may be present, suggesting a third (transchondroid)
type of bone formation in which cartilage forms, possibly due to decreased
oxygen tension, but is then directly
transformed into bone, rather than by the traditionally accepted endochondral
pathway
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1030
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Remodeling is the
period from the application of full functional loading to the complete remodeling of the newly formed
bone.
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the application of the full functional loading
to the bone segment that contains the distraction regenerate.
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……the zone of
primary trabeculae significantly decreases and later is resorbed completely
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……the zone of
primary trabeculae in the center of the regenerate significantly decreases and later is
completely resorbed
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During this time,
the initially formed bony
scaffold is reinforced by parallel-fibered lamellar bone. The cortical bone
and marrow cavity are restored. Remodeling of the Haversian system
normalizes the bony structure
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formed bony scaffold is reinforced by
parallel-fibered and lamellar bone. Both the cortical bone and marrow cavity
are restored. Haversian remodeling, representing the last stage of cortical
reconstruction, normalizes the bone structure [57, 58].
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1030
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Source No. 3
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Maull DJ. Review
of devices for distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial complex.
Semin Orthod. 1999 Mar;5(1):64-73.
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1038
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In 1995, Cohen
introduced a system of
miniature distractors that can be universally applicable for the craniofacial
skeleton…
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1041
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Polley and
Figueroa52 noted that an orthodontic facial mask with elastics was not
sufficient to achieve the desired amount of forward movement. They
developed a rigid external fixation system (RED; KLS Martin, Tuttlingen, Germany
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Polley and
Figueroa36 realized that the face mask with elastics was not sufficiently
rigid to achieve the desired amount of forward movement. They developed
an adjustable rigid external fixation (RED;
KLS-Martin LP) system
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1041
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1041
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1041
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Molina53
designed a unilateral orbito-malar distractor (KLS Martin, Tuttlingen,
Germany) (Fig. 48.8c) that pushes the facial skeleton forward and this can be
used in conjunction with a
Le Fort III osteotomy.
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Molina6
designed a unidirectional orbital malar distractor that is used in conjunction with a Le Fort III
osteotomy (Wells Johnson Co).
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1041-42
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The self-contained
rod is smooth and facilitates function and comfort. The activation portion of
the rod exits percutaneously within the hair-bearing skin behind the ear and
distraction up to 25 mm is achieved. The anterior point of the device has a
pivot point that enables flexibility in placement to the malar bone at the
frontozygomatic process.
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The self-contained
rod is smooth and facilitates function and comfort. The active portion of the
rod exits percutaneously behind the ear and can be expanded up to 25 ram. The
anterior point of the device has a point pivot that allows flexibility in
placement behind the malar bone
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1042
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In 1995, Cohen et
al.54 …….initially reported on the use of these devices
in a 4-month-old infant with unilateral craniofacial microsomia and
anopthalmia. Facial moulages of the infant were taken to aid in the design of
the device. A modified Le Fort III osteotomy with internal orbital
osteotomies and a mandibular osteotomy were performed.
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Cohen et al4
initially reported on the use of these
devices in a 4-month-old infant with unilateral craniofacial microsomia and
anopthalmia. Facial moulages of the infant were taken to aid in the design of
the devices. A modified Le Fort III osteotomy with internal orbital
osteotomies and a mandiular osteotomy were performed.
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The distraction devices were
placed to correct the sagittal and vertical maxillary deficiency, expand
the orbit and increase the length of the mandibular body. The vectors, chosen independently and the
devices custom modified, enabled multiple distraction to proceed
simultaneously.
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The distraction devices were placed to correct
the sagittal and vertical maxillary deficiency, expand the orbit, and
increase mandibular body length. Each vector was chosen independently, the devices were
custom modified, and multiple distractions proceeded simultaneously.
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Cohen54
further refined his
miniature distraction devices, now called the Modular Internal Distraction
(MID) system (Styker Leibinger, Michigan, USA) (Fig. 48.9a). Two distractor frames are
available to provide 15 mm or 30 mm of advancement.
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Cohen4
further developed his miniature
distraction devices, called the Modular Internal Distraction (MID) System
(Stryker Leibinger; Fig 10). This is the first internal distraction
system approved by the Food and Drug Administration for marketing. Two distractor frames are available to
provide 15 m m or 30 m m of distraction
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The frames are attached to 1.7
mm Wurzburg threedimensional micromesh plates of varying sizes using
1.6 mm screws. A flexible activation cable exits percutaneously either at
the pre- or postauricular skin, through the scalp, or intraorally.
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The frames are attached to 1.7- ram mini
Wurzburg three-dimensional mesh plates
of varying sizes using 1.6-mm connecting screws. There is a flexible
activation cable that exits percutaneously preauricularly or postauricularly,
through the scalp, or intraorally.
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It is recommended
that a complete osteotomy be performed with a latency period of 5– 7
days, followed by 1 mm per day of distraction and a consolidation
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It is recommended
that a complete osteotomy be performed with
a latency period of 5 to 7 days, followed by 1 m m per day of distraction and
a consolidation
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1043
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Models
of the skeleton are milled from computed topographic data to plan the surgery and
determine the vector of the internal distraction bone-borne device.
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Models of the skeleton are milled from
computed tomographic data to plan the
surgery and design their distractors.
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1043
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Chin and Toth’s
surgical approach departed from the principles of Ilizarov by not observing a
latency period but began
activation immediately before closing the surgical site. They reported
that 4–12 mm of distraction in the midface
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Chin and Toth's
approach to distraction departs from the principles outlined by Ilizarov in
several ways. First, they perform a full-thickness osteotomy without
preservation of the periosteum. Second, they do n o t observe a latency period, but begin distracting
immediately, even before closing the surgical site. They reported a range
of 4 mm to 12 mm of immediate distraction in the midface
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Source No. 4
Source No. 5
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Cope JB, Samchukov
ML, Cherkashin AM. Mandibular distraction osteogenesis: a
historic perspective and future directions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial
Orthop. 1999 Apr;115(4):448-60.
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1031
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In 1992, McCarthy
used the Hoffman Mini Lengthener (Stryker Leibinger, Kalomazoo, MI, USA) to
distract the mandibles in four children who presented with craniofacial
anomalies.15 The appliance was initially designed for hand
reconstruction, and was attached
to the osteotomized bone segments with two pairs of pins.
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In 1989, McCarthy
et al37 were the first to clinically apply the technique of
extraoral osteodistraction on four children with congenital craniofacial
anomalies. They used a Hoffman Mini Lengthener (Howmedica Co., Rutherford,
NJ) attached to the osteotomized bone
segments with two pairs of pins
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1032
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A
three-dimensional (3D) surgical correction is therefore necessary to restore
the facial symmetry. To achieve an independent lengthening of
the mandibular body and ramus combined with gradual angular correction
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Therefore, in
order to correct severe mandibular deformities in three-dimensional space, independent lengthening of the mandibular
corpus and ramus must be combined with gradual angular adjustments
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1034
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the device consisted of two clamps attached to the bone
via pairs of pins connected by a telescopic distraction rod. At the same
time, Wangerin45 in Germany designed a similar appliance, the Intraoral Titanium Mandibular Distraction
Device (Medicon Instrumente, Tuttlingen, Germany). The device consists of
miniplates
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1036
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distractor removal
can be simplified just by
cutting the arms and pulling the forked ends of the device out, leaving the
fixation screws in the bone.
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device can be
removed following the consolidation period by
cutting the metal arms and pulling the fork ends of the appliance, leaving
the fixation screws in the bone.
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1038
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1038
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Source No. 6
Source No.7
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Herford AS. Use
of a plate-guided distraction device for transport distraction osteogenesis
of the mandible. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Apr;62(4):412-20.
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Source No. 8
Source No.9
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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1051
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The Liou
Distractor (KLS Martin Tuttlingen, Germany) can be used for the following
circumstances: bilateral or
unilateral wide alveolar cleft or oronasal fistula in bilateral cleft lip and
palate patients; maxillary alveolar bony defect due to trauma; creating
interdental edentulous space to relieve maxillary dental crowding; and
maxillary lengthening for maxillary hypoplasia.
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I N D I C A T I O
N S :
Bilateral or
unilateral wide alveolar cleft or
oronasal fistula
in bilateral cleft lip and
palate patient.
Maxillary alveolar
bony defect due to trauma.
Creating
interdental edentulous space for
maxillary dental
crowding.
Maxillary
lengthening for maxillary hypoplasia
with or without
dental crowding, and with or
without alveolar
cleft.
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1051
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The device is available for left or right
alveolar clefts in 15 mm and 20 mm sizes.
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Source No. 10
Source No.11
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Jayade CV, Ayoub
AF, Khambay BS, Walker FS, Gopalakrishnan K, Malik NA, Srivastava D, Pradhan
R. Skeletal
stability after correction of maxillary hypoplasia by the Glasgow extra-oral
distraction (GED) device. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006
Aug;44(4):301-7. Epub 2005 Sep 12.
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Source No. 12
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Laster Z, Rachmiel
A, Jensen OT. Alveolar width distraction osteogenesis for early implant placement.
J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Dec;63(12):1724-30.
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1047
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a round bur is used to make a small
trough along the crest. Bone cuts are made through the trough, and through
the anterior and posterior vertical incisions with minimal stripping of
mucoperiosteum using a sagittal microsaw or piezoelectric ultrasonic bone
cutter.
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A round burr is used to make a small trough along the
crest. Bone cuts are made through the trough, and through the anterior and
posterior vertical incisions without stripping mucoperiostium using a
sagittal micro saw, reciprocating scalpel saw, or piezoelectric
ultrasonic bone cutter (Fig 2).
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1047
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An osteotome is
normally used crestally and a “green-stick” fracture is produced in the
buccal plate.
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An osteotome is
introduced crestally and the buccal plate is "green-stick"
fractured bucally
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Source No. 13
Source No. 14
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Koudstaal MJ, van
der Wal KG, Wolvius EB, Schulten AJ. The Rotterdam Palatal Distractor: introduction
of the new bone-borne device and report of the pilot study. Int J
Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006 Jan;35(1):31-5. Epub 2005 Sep 8.
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1045
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Recently, the
Rotterdam Palatal Distractor and Magdeburg Palatal Distractor (KLS Martin,
Tuttlingen, Germany) were developed ( 48.11b, c). The Rotterdam Palatal
Distractor is based on the
mechanical principle of a car jack. 74 On activation, the nails of the
abutment plates penetrate the bone and stabilize the device hence no screws
are necessary for fixation of the device.
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A new bone-borne
palatal distractor, the Rotterdam Palatal Distractor (RPD; KLS Martin,
Postfach 60, D-78501 Tuttlingen, Germany) has been developed based on the mechanical properties of a car
jack. By activation the nails of the abutments plates penetrate the bone and
automatically stabilizes the device. No screw fixation is necessary
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the Magdeburg
distractor. This device has to be fixed with screws to the
palatal bone and can be applied submucosally or epimucosally. This device
has proven to be useful in
patients with acquired deformity.
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the Magdenburg
palatal distractor9 have to be fixed with
screws on the palatal bone and have proven to be useful in acquired
deformation patients.
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Source No. 15
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Saulacic N, Iizuka
T, Martin MS, Garcia AG. Alveolar distraction osteogenesis: a
systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008 Jan;37(1):1-7.
Epub 2007 Sep 5.
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1047
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Source No. 16
Source No. 17
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Riediger D,
Poukens JM.Le Fort III osteotomy: a new internal positioned distractor. J
Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003 Aug;61(8):882-9.
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1043
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1044
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At the posterior
end, a bendable plate with 18 holes, and
at the anterior end,
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Source No. 18
Page No.
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Text by Cheung et al. in the Book Chapter
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Gosain A.K. Distraction
Osteogenesis of the Craniofacial Skeleton. Plastic &
Reconstructive Surgery. January 2001 - Volume 107 - Issue 1 - pp 278-280
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mounted on a halo
frame fixed to the temporal portion
of the skull. This serves to distract the midface forward or downward after
maxillary osteotomies by anchoring to the maxillary dental arch
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mounted as a halo
to the temporal and frontal portion of
the skull, served to distract the midface after surgical osteotomy by
anchoring to the maxillary dental arch.
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The force is
transferred from the
temporal bone posteriorly to the midface through the lateral orbital rim and
malar complex.
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Also another recent book on Forensic Entomologist contains some plagiarized parts by Brazilian authors. Looking further into the case an interesting plot with retracted papers and scadals is unveiled. See brief comments on the plagiarized sections in a book review online:
ReplyDeletehttp://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1644